Changes: Language Imass

Latest revision as of 21:19, 11 April 2023

This page collects all that is known about the language of the Imass and tries to provide translations based on the examples of the language given in the books. Warning: may contain spoilers for all the books.

In Memories of Ice[]

Maeth'ki Im - Pogrom of the Rotted Flower, i.e. the 33rd Jaghut war^[1]
Jaghra Til - the name of an inland sea born from shattered Jaghut ice-fields^[1]
L'amath - a part of the landscape, likely the area now known as the Lamathath Plain^[1]
T'ol Ara'd - an ancient lava river; translates maybe as 'river/road of stone?' (note: these words return in the phrases below, so any theories are welcome)^[1]
Aral Fayle - short for Chen're aral lich'fayle, translated by Tool as 'touched by stone', this is the name Tool gives Toc the Younger.^[2] (Compare: Ifayle)
Onos T'oolan - Onos means clanless man (leading to the speculation that 'Onass' is a clanless woman), T'oolan means flawed flint.^[3]
Finnest - Hold of Ice, translation by Silverfox ^[4]
Dubious case: Jen'isand Rul - the Wanderer in the Sword. This is what Silverfox names Paran, so could well be Imass, but is never stated as fact (someone calls it Rhivi, I think). I sense a link between Rul / K'Rul.

In Midnight Tides[]

The following phrases were used by Ulshun Pral, an Imass from the Refugium. Translations are not exact as much of them are the very young Rud Elalle paraphrasing what Ulshun said.^[5] Interpretations are also based on our sum knowledge of Imass language so far.

Peth tol ool havra d ara (Literally: far earth veined from the fire)

Arad havra'd ara. En'aralack havra d'drah. (Literally: heart/mouth language fire. Melt/thaw+ashes from close/bind)

Vis vol'raele Absi'arad. (Literally: They out+lungs (gates) autumn+heart/mouth - something about the gates??)

Rae'd. Veb entara tog'rudd n'lan n'vis thal? (When he gets older, will the boy (Rud) eat us?) List vah olar n'lan? (What do dragons eat?) Ste shabyn? (Should we fear?)

Ki'bri arasteshabyn bri por'tol tun logdara kul absi. (they promised her-we-fear to take care of him (Rud) until her return)

Entara tog'rudd av? (literally: Found father? - Is this your (Rud's) father?)

T'un havra'ad eventara. T'un veb vol'raele bri rea han d En'ev? (He says he understands them some now. There are holes (the gates) and would you like to go there?)

Vi han onralmashalle. S'ril k'ul havra En'ev. N'vist. Lan'te. (We came here with a bonecaster. It was a realm of storms. There were beasts. There was much fighting.) (Literally - Place of storm. Demons came from En'ev(?). Us. Fight.)

Vi truh larpahal. Ranag, bhed, tenag tollarpahal. Kul havra thelar. Kul. (This realm is a path/road. Herds migrate (travel the road) (note: ranag, bhed and tenag are large herd animals). They seem to come from nowhere. But they come.)

Epal en. Vol'sav, thelan (It is an overflow of where the road came from. Beyond, there is nothing.)

A evbrox'l list Tev. Starvald Demaelain Tev. (I am pleased/surprised (bright-gem-eyed) you know Holds. This Hold is Starvald Demelain.)

In Reaper's Gale[]

Agkor Raella = Wolf Song^[6]
Allish Raella = Caribou Song^[6]
Farl ved ten ara = Refugium^[7]
Tog'tol = Yellow ochre^[8]

In Toll the Hounds[]

De nek okral = Probably Short nose plains bear (This is what Samar Dev intuitively named an ancient bear god of war she met. Traveller knew it was Imass and translated it.^[9]
Okral = Plains brown bear^[10]^[11]

In Dust of Dreams[]

Nom Kala = knife drip^[12]

In The God is Not Willing[]

Sae Imas hedi = People of the Cold Seas (Saemdhi)^[13]
Vel'ay = tundra rat^[14]

Untranslated conversation between a Saemdhi man and Saemdhi crone regarding Rant, the half-Teblor boy:^[13]

T'eth sin veral. Nallit.
Ihm fal e'rath. Sae g'nath Toblakai.

In Fall of Light[]

The Dog-Runner, Ifayle, said his name translated to something like "falling sky".^[15]

List of known words[]

' = past tense^[11]
Absi = autumn^[11] - Absi Kire (meaning autumn promise) is the name Tool gives his mortal son.
Absin = serpent^[11]
Ag = tundra^[11]
Agkor = timber wolf^[11] - a type of predator, that hunts bhederin and dwells in forests, kin to Fanderay (See Agkor Raella above)
Ah = I^[11]
Alle = antler^[11]
Allish = caribou
Ana = claw^[11]
Ara = fire^[11]
Arad = heart/mouth^[11]
Aral = spark^[11]
Aralack = ashes^[11]
As = feminine^[11]
Av = father^[11]
Ay = dire wolf^[11] - extinct species of wolf
Ay'tog = yellow-haired kin to the ay, that live in the far south (hyena's??)
Baektar = a type of vegetable^[16]
B'al = for^[11]
Behn = copper^[11]
Ben = white^[11]
Bendal = arctic wolf^[11] - a type of predator, white, kin to Fanderay
Ber = ash tree^[11]
Beth = wide^[11]
Bhed = bison^[11] - extinct species of large prey animal, larger than their comparatively smaller bhederin cousins^[17]
Bhederin = bison^[11] - species of large cattle-like animal
Bor = oak tree^[11]
Bri = to^[11]
Brol = crystal/cold eye^[11]
Brold = polar bear^[11]
Brox'l = eye^[11]
Cal = return^[11]
Ch = of ice^[11]
Chid = face^[11]
Chole = ice^[11]
D = the^[11]
Dal = get^[11]
D'al = got^[11]
Darah = close (bind)^[11]
Den = blue^[11]
Drah = close (proximity)^[11]
Em = fanged^[11]
En = melt/thaw^[11]
Emlava = extinct species of large felines - note similarity to Kilava
Entara = spring (season)^[11] /father?
Entara tog'rud = found^[11]
Epal = over (distance)^[11]
Epal en = overflow/flood^[11]
Ev = bright gem^[11] Eye(s)
Evbrox'l = pleased/surprised^[18]
Eventara = understand?^[19]
Fayle = sky-fall^[11] (see also Ifayle)
Finnest = Hold of Ice
Gaeth = ear^[11]
Gam = starstone^[11]
Ger = stone^[11]
Han = of^[11]
Haran = summer^[11]
Havra = from^[11]
Havra'd = language^[11]
I = a^[11]
Iath = chert^[11]
Ifayle = falling sky^[15] (see also Fayle)
Ilm = sky^[11]
Imass = People, their name for themselves
Ish = red/brown hair^[11]
Ist = spearshaft^[11]
Ith = black hair^[11]
Iv = as^[11]
Keb = sharp^[11]
Kel = this^[11]
Kelt = red^[11]
Ki = vow/promise^[11]
Kilava = panther (black)^[11] extinct species of large felines - note similarity to Emlava
Kire = promise (see Absi)
Kor = forest^[11]
Kul = to come (verb);^[11]
K'ul = came^[11] past tense of kul
Kun = how^[11]
Lan = flint/life^[11]^[20] (Lan'te is translated as 'there was much fighting', so it may also mean... weapon? sword? or just have several meanings. Compare also to T'lan, Tellann, N'lan) From thelan=nothing, Lan might also have an generic meaning of 'thing' or 'object' or similar
Lan'te = fight^[11]
Lar = where^[11]
Lar's = when^[11]
Larpahal = path/^[11]way/road; from thelar=nowhere I draw that Lar means somewhere/place, so Pahal must indicate movement or direction
Le = air^[11]
Lechae = cold^[11]
Lich = brow^[11]
Lim = up^[11]
List = what^[11] (to know?)
Logros = hand^[11]
Lok = that^[11]
Lotheck = foot^[11]
Lyn = tall^[11]
Maeth = rot/decay^[11]
Man = shape^[11]
Marl = thin^[11]
Mas = skin^[11]
Mashalle = winter^[11]
Monok = ape^[11]
Myr = thick^[11]
Myrk = deep^[11]
N'lan/N'lar = eat^[11] (the spelling on Erikson's vocabulary list does not match the spelling used in the book)
N'vis = us^[11]
Nok = spearhead^[11]
Notr = why^[11]
Okhan = snow bear
Okral = plains brown bear^[11]
Olar = Dragon/Eleint^[11]
On = hot^[11]
Onass = probably: clanless woman
Onos = clanless man.^[20] Related: Onass, Onrack
Onra = wind^[11]
Onral mashalle/Onralmashalle = storm^[11]
Ool = veined^[20]^[11]
Oph = limp (locomotion)^[11]
Os = masculine^[11]
Oth = skeleton^[11]
Pah = go^[11]
Pah'tol = with^[11]
Pahal = travel^[11]
P'arad = right (direction)^[11]
P'cal = turn^[11]
Peth = far^[11]
Por'tol = keep (possession)^[11]
Porul = under^[11]
Pral = sacred^[11]
Pran = arctic/^[11] arctic fox
Ra = feminine^[11]
Raa = me (feminine)^[11]
Raed = women^[11]
Raele = lungs^[11]
Raella = song
Ranag = muskox^[11] extinct species of large prey animal
Re = masculine^[11]
Rea = me (masculine)^[11]
Read = men^[11]
Roth = skeleton?
Rudd = boy^[11]
'Sav = then (temporal)^[11]
Sagra = arm^[11]
Shayn = desert^[11]
Shun = gift^[11]
Sin = lichen^[11]
S'ril = demon^[11]
Stalyn = high^[11]
Ste shabyn = fear^[11]
Steba = narrow^[11]
Styloh = low^[11]
T' = broken^[11] hypothesis: a prefix that means broken or flawed.^[20] Examples where this meaning (if true) may apply: T'lan Imass; Onos T'oolan; Onrack T'Emlava; T'ber Tendara; T'iam; T'ol Ara'd; T'rolbarahl; T'riss.
Te = break^[11]
Telar = nowhere^[11] (see also Thelar)
Tem = knoll^[11]
Ten = tusk/horn^[11]
Tenag = mammoth^[11] extinct species of large prey animal
Tellann = (Hold of) Fire, though the Path of Tellann is also the magic of the Soletaken Bonecasters. Olar Ethil appears to be the root here, being aspected to both.
Tev = stone circle^[11]/ Hold (as in The Holds)
Thal = soon^[11] (what?)
The = no^[11]
Thek = leg^[11]
Thel = stop^[11]
Thelan = nothing^[21]
Thelar = nowhere (see also Telar)
Til = sea^[11]
T'lan = broken flint or broken thing
Tog = yellow hair^[11]
Tog'tol = Yellow ochre^[22]
Tol = earth^[11] (river? / flow?)
Tollarpahal = migrate/^[11]migration, contraction of Tol + Larpahal
Truh = is^[11]
Tun = you^[11]
Tyloh = short (distance)^[11]
T'nath = nose^[11]
U = an^[11]
Ul = cave^[11]
Ulphan = cave bear^[11]
Ur = bronze^[11]
'Ves = when^[11]
Vah = do^[11]
Vahar = to^[11]
Veb = will (intent)^[11]
Vel'ay = tundra rat^[14]
Vi = place^[11]
Vid = there^[11]
Vil = in^[11]
Vis = they^[11]
Vis'd = then^[11]
Vol = out^[11]
Vol'raele = holes/magic gates^[19]

The Imass bonecasters appear to be named after their Soletaken shape (the first name), though this may not be a rule. Here is a list of the known ones:

Ay Estos = an arctic wolf (= an ay presumably)
Bek Okhan = a snow bear
Bendal Home = an arctic wolf
Gr'istanas Ish'Ilm = a bear (but I don't see it in the name, he might be an exception)
Hentos Ilm = a colourful bird
Monok Ochem = a large silver-grey ape
Okral Lom = a plains bear
Pran Chole = an arctic fox
Til'Aras Benok = a bear (here the last name, Benok, sounds like a word for bear)
Kilava Onass = a large cat
Olar Ethil = a dragon

We are also told the meaning of most of the Unbound's names (from House of Chains):

Ber'ok = dead ash tree^[23]
Emroth = fanged skeleton
Haran'alle = antler from summer
Sin'b'alle = lychen for moss
Thek Ist = spear leg
Urual = mossy bone
?? = red moss

A bit of a theme here is moss (alle/al?). Maybe this is what T'lan Imass name those fallen who they leave behind? Or maybe it was just a fashion in their original clan?

Other Imass names + speculative meanings:

Onos T'oolan = clanless man of flawed/broken veined Flint
Kig Aven (Kilava and Tool's chieftain) = ?
Logros T'lan (commander of Logro, several clans?) = see T'lan, no idea about Logros
Eitholos Ilm (chieftain of Olar Ethils clan) = ?
Galad Ketan - could be a person or an indication of time
Onak Shendok - idem
Kron (a clan / army)
Is Kellanved an Imass word?? Kellan could be shadow and ved throne
Ulshun Pral
Cannig Tol (Pran Chole's chieftain)

Notes:

The Imass language could combine several words into one. For example: arasteshabyn contained the words ara-ste-shabyn, and it probably meant something like 'her-we-fear', meaning Rud's mother. (Seemed they did not want to use her name... wisely.) Ev-ent-ara was likely another example.

The Imass did not seem to use 'to be' (much?), leaving it implied in many sentences.

Other theory (contradicts some previous ideas): they do use 'to be', and it goes like this:

A = I am
Av = you are
Ara = they are (not sure)
Arad = we are

Though it could as easily be 'to have', as in many languages these verbs are used interchanged. Absi'arad means - probably - 'we promised'. So that could work as we are promised, or we have promised. (Or the arad-part could just mean 'we'.)

In reference to a fan question, author Steven Erikson has stated that the "general rule for the insertion of glottal stop apostrophes is that, in Imass language, it confers past-tense".^[24]

Notes and references[]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Memories of Ice, Prologue
↑ Memories of Ice, Chapter 7, UK MMPB p.311
↑ Memories of Ice, Chapter 7, UK MMPB p.312 - translations given by Tool
↑ Memories of Ice, Chapter 4, UK MMPB p.118
↑ Midnight Tides, Chapter 15, UK MMPB p.577-587
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Reaper's Gale, Chapter 14
↑ Reaper's Gale, Chapter 17
↑ Reaper's Gale, Chapter 14, US HC p.381
↑ Toll the Hounds, Chapter 18, UK HB p.664
↑ Toll the Hounds, Chapter 18, UK HB p.664
↑ ^11.000 ^11.001 ^11.002 ^11.003 ^11.004 ^11.005 ^11.006 ^11.007 ^11.008 ^11.009 ^11.010 ^11.011 ^11.012 ^11.013 ^11.014 ^11.015 ^11.016 ^11.017 ^11.018 ^11.019 ^11.020 ^11.021 ^11.022 ^11.023 ^11.024 ^11.025 ^11.026 ^11.027 ^11.028 ^11.029 ^11.030 ^11.031 ^11.032 ^11.033 ^11.034 ^11.035 ^11.036 ^11.037 ^11.038 ^11.039 ^11.040 ^11.041 ^11.042 ^11.043 ^11.044 ^11.045 ^11.046 ^11.047 ^11.048 ^11.049 ^11.050 ^11.051 ^11.052 ^11.053 ^11.054 ^11.055 ^11.056 ^11.057 ^11.058 ^11.059 ^11.060 ^11.061 ^11.062 ^11.063 ^11.064 ^11.065 ^11.066 ^11.067 ^11.068 ^11.069 ^11.070 ^11.071 ^11.072 ^11.073 ^11.074 ^11.075 ^11.076 ^11.077 ^11.078 ^11.079 ^11.080 ^11.081 ^11.082 ^11.083 ^11.084 ^11.085 ^11.086 ^11.087 ^11.088 ^11.089 ^11.090 ^11.091 ^11.092 ^11.093 ^11.094 ^11.095 ^11.096 ^11.097 ^11.098 ^11.099 ^11.100 ^11.101 ^11.102 ^11.103 ^11.104 ^11.105 ^11.106 ^11.107 ^11.108 ^11.109 ^11.110 ^11.111 ^11.112 ^11.113 ^11.114 ^11.115 ^11.116 ^11.117 ^11.118 ^11.119 ^11.120 ^11.121 ^11.122 ^11.123 ^11.124 ^11.125 ^11.126 ^11.127 ^11.128 ^11.129 ^11.130 ^11.131 ^11.132 ^11.133 ^11.134 ^11.135 ^11.136 ^11.137 ^11.138 ^11.139 ^11.140 ^11.141 ^11.142 ^11.143 ^11.144 ^11.145 ^11.146 ^11.147 ^11.148 ^11.149 ^11.150 ^11.151 ^11.152 ^11.153 ^11.154 ^11.155 ^11.156 ^11.157 ^11.158 ^11.159 ^11.160 ^11.161 ^11.162 ^11.163 ^11.164 ^11.165 ^11.166 Steven Erikson Facebook post 21 May 2020
↑ Dust of Dreams, Chapter 17
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 The God is Not Willing, Chapter 6, US HC p.107-109
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 The God is Not Willing, Chapter 11, US HC p.193
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Fall of Light, Chapter 6, US HC p.164
↑ Reaper's Gale, Chapter 20, US HC p.600
↑ Dust of Dreams, Chapter 12
↑ Midnight Tides, Chapter 15, US SFBC p.485
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Midnight Tides, Chapter 15, US SFBC p.483
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ^20.3 Memories of Ice, Chapter 7, UK MMPB p.311
↑ Midnight Tides, Chapter 15, US SFBC p.484-485
↑ Reaper's Gale, Chapter 14, US HC p.381
↑ House of Chains, Chapter 1
↑ Ask Steven Erikson your Deadhouse Gates Questions! (See comments 2 and 15).

List of abbreviations • Paginations • How to reference an article

[:3-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Memories of Ice, Prologue

[2] Memories of Ice, Chapter 7, UK MMPB p.311

[3] Memories of Ice, Chapter 7, UK MMPB p.312 - translations given by Tool

[4] Memories of Ice, Chapter 4, UK MMPB p.118

[5] Midnight Tides, Chapter 15, UK MMPB p.577-587

[:1-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Reaper's Gale, Chapter 14

[7] Reaper's Gale, Chapter 17

[8] Reaper's Gale, Chapter 14, US HC p.381

[9] Toll the Hounds, Chapter 18, UK HB p.664

[10] Toll the Hounds, Chapter 18, UK HB p.664

[:4-11] 11.000 ^11.001 ^11.002 ^11.003 ^11.004 ^11.005 ^11.006 ^11.007 ^11.008 ^11.009 ^11.010 ^11.011 ^11.012 ^11.013 ^11.014 ^11.015 ^11.016 ^11.017 ^11.018 ^11.019 ^11.020 ^11.021 ^11.022 ^11.023 ^11.024 ^11.025 ^11.026 ^11.027 ^11.028 ^11.029 ^11.030 ^11.031 ^11.032 ^11.033 ^11.034 ^11.035 ^11.036 ^11.037 ^11.038 ^11.039 ^11.040 ^11.041 ^11.042 ^11.043 ^11.044 ^11.045 ^11.046 ^11.047 ^11.048 ^11.049 ^11.050 ^11.051 ^11.052 ^11.053 ^11.054 ^11.055 ^11.056 ^11.057 ^11.058 ^11.059 ^11.060 ^11.061 ^11.062 ^11.063 ^11.064 ^11.065 ^11.066 ^11.067 ^11.068 ^11.069 ^11.070 ^11.071 ^11.072 ^11.073 ^11.074 ^11.075 ^11.076 ^11.077 ^11.078 ^11.079 ^11.080 ^11.081 ^11.082 ^11.083 ^11.084 ^11.085 ^11.086 ^11.087 ^11.088 ^11.089 ^11.090 ^11.091 ^11.092 ^11.093 ^11.094 ^11.095 ^11.096 ^11.097 ^11.098 ^11.099 ^11.100 ^11.101 ^11.102 ^11.103 ^11.104 ^11.105 ^11.106 ^11.107 ^11.108 ^11.109 ^11.110 ^11.111 ^11.112 ^11.113 ^11.114 ^11.115 ^11.116 ^11.117 ^11.118 ^11.119 ^11.120 ^11.121 ^11.122 ^11.123 ^11.124 ^11.125 ^11.126 ^11.127 ^11.128 ^11.129 ^11.130 ^11.131 ^11.132 ^11.133 ^11.134 ^11.135 ^11.136 ^11.137 ^11.138 ^11.139 ^11.140 ^11.141 ^11.142 ^11.143 ^11.144 ^11.145 ^11.146 ^11.147 ^11.148 ^11.149 ^11.150 ^11.151 ^11.152 ^11.153 ^11.154 ^11.155 ^11.156 ^11.157 ^11.158 ^11.159 ^11.160 ^11.161 ^11.162 ^11.163 ^11.164 ^11.165 ^11.166 Steven Erikson Facebook post 21 May 2020

[12] Dust of Dreams, Chapter 17

[:7-13] 13.0 ^13.1 The God is Not Willing, Chapter 6, US HC p.107-109

[:6-14] 14.0 ^14.1 The God is Not Willing, Chapter 11, US HC p.193

[:8-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Fall of Light, Chapter 6, US HC p.164

[16] Reaper's Gale, Chapter 20, US HC p.600

[17] Dust of Dreams, Chapter 12

[18] Midnight Tides, Chapter 15, US SFBC p.485

[:5-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Midnight Tides, Chapter 15, US SFBC p.483

[:2-20] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ^20.3 Memories of Ice, Chapter 7, UK MMPB p.311

[21] Midnight Tides, Chapter 15, US SFBC p.484-485

[22] Reaper's Gale, Chapter 14, US HC p.381

[23] House of Chains, Chapter 1

[24] Ask Steven Erikson your Deadhouse Gates Questions! (See comments 2 and 15).

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 This page collects all that is known about the '''language of the [[Imass]]''' and tries to provide translations based on the examples of the language given in the books. Warning: may contain spoilers for all the books.
@@ Line 8: / Line 9: @@
 * Aral Fayle - short for Chen're aral lich'fayle, translated by Tool as 'touched by stone',  this is the name Tool gives [[Toc the Younger]].<ref>[[Memories of Ice]], [[MI/7|Chapter 7]], UK MMPB p.311</ref> (Compare: [[Ifayle]])
 * [[Onos T'oolan]] - Onos means clanless man (leading to the speculation that 'Onass' is a clanless woman), T'oolan means flawed flint.<ref>[[Memories of Ice]], [[MI/7|Chapter 7]], UK MMPB p.312 - translations given by Tool</ref>
+* [[Finnest]] - Hold of Ice, translation by Silverfox <ref>[[Memories of Ice]], [[MI/4|Chapter 4]], UK MMPB p.118</ref>
+* Dubious case: Jen'isand Rul - the Wanderer in the Sword. This is what Silverfox names Paran, so could well be Imass, but is never stated as fact (someone calls it [[Rhivi]], I think). I sense a link between Rul / K'Rul.
 ==In ''[[Midnight Tides]]''==
 The following phrases were used by [[Ulshun Pral]], an Imass from the [[Refugium]]. Translations are not exact as much of them are the very young Rud Elalle paraphrasing what Ulshun said.<ref>[[Midnight Tides]], [[MT/15|Chapter 15]], UK MMPB p.577-587</ref> Interpretations are also based on our sum knowledge of Imass language so far.
-*Peth tol ool havra d ara (literally: ''far earth veined from the fire'')
+*Peth tol ool havra d ara (''Literally: far earth veined from the fire'')
-*Arad havra'd ara. En'aralack havra d'drah.  (literally: ''heart/mouth language fire. Melt/thaw+ashes from close/bind'')
+*Arad havra'd ara. En'aralack havra d'drah.  (''Literally: ''heart/mouth language fire. Melt/thaw+ashes from close/bind'')''
-*Vis vol'raele Absi'arad. (literally: ''They out+lungs autumn+heart/mouth - (something about the gates??'')
+*Vis vol'raele Absi'arad. (''Literally: They out+lungs (gates) autumn+heart/mouth - something about the gates??'')
-*Rae'd. Veb entara tog'rudd n'lan n'vis thal? (''When he gets older, will the yellow-haired boy (Rud) eat us?'') List vah olar n'lan? (''What do dragons eat?'') Ste shabyn? (''Should we fear?'')
+*Rae'd. Veb entara tog'rudd n'lan n'vis thal? (''When he gets older, will the boy (Rud) eat us?'') List vah olar n'lan? (''What do dragons eat?'') Ste shabyn? (''Should we fear?'')
 *Ki'bri arasteshabyn bri por'tol tun logdara kul absi. (''they promised her-we-fear to take care of him (Rud) until her return'')
-*Entara tog'rudd av? (''Are you his (Rud's) father?'') ''(Question: why do they call him tog'rudd? what does it mean?)''
+*Entara tog'rudd av? (literally: ''Found father? - Is this your (Rud's) father?'')
-*T'un havra'ad eventara. T'un veb vol'raele bri rea han d En'ev? (''He says he understands them some now. There are holes (the gates) and would you like to go there? - I suspect Rud is withholding some of the translation here, at least the first sentence doesn't really match.'')
+*T'un havra'ad eventara. T'un veb vol'raele bri rea han d En'ev? (''He says he understands them some now. There are holes (the gates) and would you like to go there?'')
-*Vi han onralmashalle. S'ril k'ul havra En'ev. N'vist. Lan'te. (''We came here with a bonecaster. It was a realm of storms. There were beasts. There was much fighting''.) ''(btw, onralmashalle is a fascinating word. It likely refers to their former bonecaster. Unless En'ev does... It also contains the the on-prefix for clanless and the -alle suffix that might be associated with fallen T'lan Imass.)''
+*Vi han onralmashalle. S'ril k'ul havra En'ev. N'vist. Lan'te. (''We came here with a bonecaster. It was a realm of storms. There were beasts. There was much fighting''.) (''Literally - Place of storm. Demons came from En'ev(?). Us. Fight.'')
 *Vi truh larpahal. Ranag, bhed, tenag tollarpahal. Kul havra thelar. Kul. (''This realm is a path/road. Herds migrate (travel the road) (note: ranag, bhed and tenag are large herd animals). They seem to come from nowhere. But they come''.)
@@ Line 33: / Line 35: @@
 *Epal en. Vol'sav, thelan (''It is an overflow of where the road came from. Beyond, there is nothing.'')
-*A evbrox'l list Tev. Starvald Demaelain Tev. (''I am pleased (bright-gem-eyed) you know Holds. This Hold is Starvald Demelain''.)
+*A evbrox'l list Tev. Starvald Demaelain Tev. (''I am pleased/surprised (bright-gem-eyed) you know Holds. This Hold is Starvald Demelain''.)
 == In ''[[Reaper's Gale]]'' ==
@@ Line 39: / Line 41: @@
 * Allish Raella = Caribou Song<ref name=":1" />
 * Farl ved ten ara = Refugium<ref>[[Reaper's Gale]], [[RG/17|Chapter 17]]</ref>
+* Tog'tol = Yellow ochre<ref>[[Reaper's Gale]], [[RG/14|Chapter 14]], US HC p.381</ref>
 == In ''[[Toll the Hounds]]'' ==
-* De nek okral = Probably ''Short nose plains bear'' (This is what [[Samar Dev]] intuitively named an ancient bear god of war she met. [[Traveller]] knew it was Imass and translated it.<ref>[[Toll the Hounds]], [[TH/18|Chapter 18]], UK HB page.664</ref>
+* De nek okral = Probably ''Short nose plains bear'' (This is what [[Samar Dev]] intuitively named an ancient bear god of war she met. [[Traveller]] knew it was Imass and translated it.<ref>[[Toll the Hounds]], [[TH/18|Chapter 18]], UK HB p.664</ref>
-* Okral = Plains bear<ref>[[Toll the Hounds]], [[TH/18|Chapter 18]], UK HB page.664</ref>
+* Okral = Plains brown bear<ref>[[Toll the Hounds]], [[TH/18|Chapter 18]], UK HB p.664</ref><ref name=":4" />
 == In ''[[Dust of Dreams]]'' ==
 * Nom Kala = knife drip<ref>[[Dust of Dreams]], [[DD/17|Chapter 17]]</ref>
+== In ''[[The God is Not Willing]]''==
+* Sae Imas hedi = People of the Cold Seas ([[Saemdhi]])<ref name=":7">[[The God is Not Willing]], [[GNW/6|Chapter 6]], US HC p.107-109</ref>
+* Vel'ay = tundra rat<ref name=":6">[[The God is Not Willing]], [[GNW/11|Chapter 11]], US HC p.193</ref>
+Untranslated conversation between a [[Unnamed characters#In The God is Not Willing|Saemdhi man]] and [[Unnamed characters#In The God is Not Willing|Saemdhi crone]] regarding [[Rant]], the half-[[Teblor]] boy:<ref name=":7" />
+* T'eth sin veral. Nallit.
+* Ihm fal e'rath. Sae g'nath Toblakai.
+==In ''[[Fall of Light]]''==
+The [[Dog-Runner]], Ifayle, said his name translated to something like "falling sky".<ref name=":8" />
 ==List of known words==
@@ Line 65: / Line 79: @@
 * [[Ay]] = dire wolf<ref name=":4" /> - extinct species of wolf
 * [[Ay'tog]] = yellow-haired kin to the ay, that live in the far south (hyena's??)
+* Baektar = a type of vegetable<ref>[[Reaper's Gale]], [[RG/20|Chapter 20]], US HC p.600</ref>
 * B'al = for<ref name=":4" />
 * Behn = copper<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 90: / Line 105: @@
 * Em = fanged<ref name=":4" />
 * En = melt/thaw<ref name=":4" />
-* [[Emlava]] = extinct species of large felines
+* [[Emlava]] = extinct species of large felines - note similarity to Kilava
 * Entara = spring (season)<ref name=":4" /> /father?
 * Entara tog'rud = found<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 96: / Line 111: @@
 * Epal en = overflow/flood<ref name=":4" />
 * Ev = bright gem<ref name=":4" /> Eye(s)
+* Evbrox'l = pleased/surprised<ref>[[Midnight Tides]], [[MT/15|Chapter 15]], US SFBC p.485</ref>
-* Fayle = sky-fall<ref name=":4" />
+* Eventara = understand?<ref name=":5">[[Midnight Tides]], [[MT/15|Chapter 15]], US SFBC p.483</ref>
+* Fayle = sky-fall<ref name=":4" /> (see also Ifayle)
 * [[Finnest]] = Hold of Ice
 * Gaeth = ear<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 107: / Line 124: @@
 * I = a<ref name=":4" />
 * Iath = chert<ref name=":4" />
+* Ifayle = falling sky<ref  name=":8">[[Fall of Light]], [[FL/6|Chapter 6]], US HC p.164</ref> (see also Fayle)
 * Ilm = sky<ref name=":4" />
 * [[Imass]] = People, their name for themselves
@@ Line 117: / Line 135: @@
 * Kelt = red<ref name=":4" />
 * Ki = vow/promise<ref name=":4" />
-* Kilava = panther (black)<ref name=":4" /> extinct species of large felines
+* Kilava = panther (black)<ref name=":4" /> extinct species of large felines - note similarity to Emlava
 * Kire = promise (see Absi)
 * Kor = forest<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 123: / Line 141: @@
 * K'ul = came<ref name=":4" />   past tense of kul
 * Kun = how<ref name=":4" />
-* Lan = flint/life<ref name=":4" /><ref name =":2" /> ''(Lan'te is translated as 'there was much fighting', so it may also mean... weapon? sword? or just have several meanings. Compare also to T'lan, Tellann, N'lan) From thelan=nothing, Lan might also have an generic meaning of 'thing' or 'object' or similar''
+* Lan = flint/life<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> ''(Lan'te is translated as 'there was much fighting', so it may also mean... weapon? sword? or just have several meanings. Compare also to T'lan, Tellann, N'lan) From thelan=nothing, Lan might also have an generic meaning of 'thing' or 'object' or similar''
 * Lan'te = fight<ref name=":4" />
 * Lar = where<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 145: / Line 163: @@
 * Myr = thick<ref name=":4" />
 * Myrk = deep<ref name=":4" />
+* N'lan/N'lar = eat<ref name=":4" /> (the spelling on Erikson's vocabulary list does not match the spelling used in the book)
-* N'lan = to eat?
-* N'Lar = eat<ref name=":4" />
 * N'vis = us<ref name=":4" />
 * Nok = spearhead<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 157: / Line 174: @@
 * Onos = clanless man.<ref name=":2">[[Memories of Ice]], [[MI/7|Chapter 7]], UK MMPB p.311</ref> ''Related: Onass, Onrack''
 * Onra = wind<ref name=":4" />
-* Onral mashalle = storm<ref name=":4" />
+* Onral mashalle/Onralmashalle = storm<ref name=":4" />
-* Ool = veined<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":4" />
+* Ool = veined<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
 * Oph = limp (locomotion)<ref name=":4" />
 * Os = masculine<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 205: / Line 222: @@
 * Thek = leg<ref name=":4" />
 * Thel = stop<ref name=":4" />
-* Thelan = nothing
+* Thelan = nothing<ref>[[Midnight Tides]], [[MT/15|Chapter 15]], US SFBC p.484-485</ref>
 * Thelar = nowhere (see also Telar)
 * Til = sea<ref name=":4" />
-* Tog = yellow hair<ref name=":4" />
 * T'lan = broken flint or broken thing
+* Tog = yellow hair<ref name=":4" />
+* Tog'tol = Yellow ochre<ref>[[Reaper's Gale]], [[RG/14|Chapter 14]], US HC p.381</ref>
 * Tol = earth<ref name=":4" /> (river? / flow?)
 * Tollarpahal = migrate/<ref name=":4" />migration, contraction of Tol + Larpahal
@@ Line 224: / Line 242: @@
 * Vahar = to<ref name=":4" />
 * Veb = will (intent)<ref name=":4" />
+* Vel'ay = tundra rat<ref name=":6" />
 * Vi = place<ref name=":4" />
 * Vid = there<ref name=":4" />
@@ Line 230: / Line 249: @@
 * Vis'd = then<ref name=":4" />
 * Vol = out<ref name=":4" />
+* Vol'raele = holes/magic gates<ref name=":5" />
 The Imass [[bonecasters]] appear to be named after their Soletaken shape (the first name), though this may not be a rule. Here is a list of the known ones:
@@ Line 283: / Line 303: @@
 ==Notes and references==
 {{Reflist}}
 [[Category:Imass]]
 [[Category:Languages]]